Why Integrated Optics?
Principles of Integrated Optics

• Optical Waveguide Theory
  
  • Light propagation in waveguides
    
    • Ray optics of slab waveguides
      
    • Electromagnetic theory of waveguides
      
    • Modes of slab waveguides
      
    • Channel waveguide geometries
      
    • Channel waveguide modes
      
    • Effective index method
      
  • Optical loss
    
    • Absorption loss
      
    • Radiation loss
      
    • Scattering loss
      
    • Pigtail loss
      
    • Polarization dependent loss (PDL)
      
  • Dispersion
    
    • Chromatic dispersion
      
    • Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
      
• Waveguide Forming Techniques
  
  • Direct lithography of photosensitive optical materials
    
  • Reactive ion etching
    
  • Strip loading
    
  • Dopant diffusion
    
  • Ion exchange
    
  • Ion implantation
    
  • Proton bombardment
    
  • Molding
    
  • Stamping
    
  • Embossing
    

Integrated Optic Materials

• Silica
  
• Silicon
  
• Silicon oxynitride
  
• Sol-gels
  
• Polymers
  
• Lithium niobate
  
• Indium phosphide
  
• Gallium arsenide
  
• Garnets
  
• Birefringent crystals
  

Integrated Optic Technologies

• Passive Technologies
  
  • Mode transformers
    
  • Couplers
    
  • Arrayed waveguide gratings
    
  • Bragg gratings
    
  • Diffraction gratings
    
  • Holographic elements
    
  • Photonic crystals
    
  • Microrings
    
  • Birefringent elements
    
• Actuation Technologies
  
  • Thermo-optics
    
  • Electro-optics
    
  • Acousto-optics
    
  • Magneto-optics
    
  • Liquid crystals
    
  • Bubble technology
    
  • MEMS
    
• Active Technologies
  
  • Heterostructures
    
  • Quantum wells
    
  • Rare earth doping
    
  • Semiconductor optical amplifiers
    

Integrated Optic Devices

• Interconnects
  
• Couplers
  
• Filters
  
• Multiplexers / demultiplexers
  
• Switches
  
• Attenuators
  
• Polarization controllers
  
• Isolators
  
• Circulators
  
• Lasers
  
• Amplifiers
  
• Detectors
  
• Modulators
  
• Wavelength converters
  
• Optical crossconnects
  
• Gain flattening filters
  
• Optical add / drop multiplexers
  
• Chromatic dispersion compensators
  
• Polarization mode dispersion compensators
  

Optical VLSI: Promise vs. Practicality